The Social Fund for Development (SFD) was established by a Presidential Decree in 1990, in collaboration with the World Bank and UNDP, the European Union and three Arab Funds, mainly to mobilize national and international resources to be used for human development. SFD could secure US$ 1,550 million donations and soft loans. It facilitates and supports the economic reform program and mitigates its adverse effects on vulnerable and low income population groups. It helps to mitigate poverty and reduce unemployment by providing new job opportunities through financing small enterprises and by offering donations for community development and infrastructure works. SFD addresses structural social problems through further employment creation and income generation and through stimulation of institutional relations which would strengthen civil society and provide increased social awareness. One of the SFD's mandate is to activate local NGOs and build their capacities. It also helped make poverty alleviation a main priority in the national development strategy. SFD, contrary to some concepts, is not a poverty program. It covers three national priorities; poverty, economic development, and employment. ERSAP was successful in economically moving the country forward. Economic growth was considered the most important engine to create job opportunities and generate resources to alleviate poverty. However, the social sector has not been exposed to the same level of efforts. There is still a need to focus on social development as high national priority by holding a national conference on social development in Egypt, through various tested mechanism, that made the World Bank and the European Union rank it as the best social fund among 55 social funds in the world. Answer the following questions. What does SFD stand for? What is SFD used for? How did the government provide new job opportunities? What are three main priorities of SFD? Who fund SFD? True False silahkan download kunci jawaban pada link berikut:
Write True or False
http://www.ziddu.com/download/4479896/KuncijawabansolaUASKesos.pdf.html
SOCIAL FUND FOR DEVELOPMENT
Posted by Deni Hamarismul | 08.38 | BAHASA INGGRIS KESEJAHTERAAN SOSIAL | 1 comments »EROSION: THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
Posted by Deni Hamarismul | 07.54 | BAHASA INGGRIS AGRONOMI | 0 comments » Erosion is an important natural process, resulting in the distribution of the product of geologic weathering, and is part of both soil formation and soil loss. The world's landscapes have been sculpted by erosion. When the result is particular enough, we enshrine them in National Park as we did in Grand Canyon. Where erosion has worn down mountain and spread soil over the plains, or deposited rich alluvial silt in river bottoms, we gladly farm it. Erosion is a disaster only when it occurs in the wrong place at the wrong time. In some places, erosion occurs so rapidly, that anyone can see it happen. Deep gullies are created where water scours away the soil, leaving fencepost and trees sitting on tall pedestals as the land erode away around them. In most places, however erosion is more subtle. It is a creeping disaster that occurs in small increments. A thin layer of top soil is washed off fields year after year until nothing eventually nothing is left but poor-quality of subsoil that requires more and more fertilizer and water to produce any crop at all. The net effect, worldwide, at this general, widespread topsoil erosion is a reduction in crop production equivalent in removing about 1 percent of world cropland each year. Many farmers are able to compensate for this loss by applying more fertilizer and by bringing new land into cultivation. Continuation of current erosion rate, however, could reduce agricultural production by 25 percent in Central America and Africa and 25 percent in South America by the year 2000. The total annual soil loss from croplands is though to be 25 billion metric tons. About twice that much soil is loss from rangelands, forest, and urban construction site each year. In addition to reduce land fertility, this erosion result in sediment-loading of river and lake, siltation of reservoirs, smothering of the wetlands and coral reefs, and clogging of water in takes and waterpower turbines. It makes river unnavigable, increases the destructiveness and frequency of floods, and cause gullying that turns good lands into useless wastelands. I. Answer the following questions based on the text. 1. What is erosion? 2. When is erosion called a disaster? 3. What has happened in the Grand Canyon? 4. How does erosion happen rapidly? 5. How does subtle erosion happen? 6. What are the effects of topsoil erosion? 7. How do farmers compensate the effect of topsoil erosion? 8. How much is the total annual soil loss from croplands? 9. How could continuation of current erosion rates in 2000 reduce agricultural production? 10. What is the effect of erosion in river? II. Choose the correct words in brackets. silahkan download kunci jawaban pada link berikut: